"Elaeagnus umbellata " grows as a deciduous shrub or small tree, typically up to 3.5 m tall, with a dense crown.
2.
Species introduced in the refuge to attract wildlife include autumn olive ( " Elaeagnus umbellata " ), Japanese black pine ( " Pinus thunbergii " ), and Japanese barberry ( " Berberis thunbergii " ).
3.
"Elaeagnus umbellata " ( autumn olive ) was planted in the 1950s under the recommendation of the then Michigan Department of Conservation ( now the Michigan Department of Natural Resources ), as the shrub was believed to be very beneficial to wildlife.
4.
Interplanting walnut plantations with a nitrogen fixing plant, such as " Elaeagnus ?ebbingei " or " Elaeagnus umbellata ", and various " Alnus " species, results in a 30 % increase in tree height and girth ( Hemery 2001 ).
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